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This paper is a discussion of the ways that the Historic Preservation Office approaches the vastness, multiplicity of legislation, range of stakeholders, and challenges that are associated with preservation and protection of the UCH in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The value of historic preservation often competes with development interests and the immediacy of economic need.

Threats to underwater cultural resources range from WWII wreck looting to ensuring continued access for fisherman to traditional fish traps at a proposed surf resort.

The 29 atolls and 5 islands are not easily reachable, requiring collaboration and creativity for survey and monitoring. Geography and unreliable transport pose a challenge to preservation and protection. Consultation and planning may require involvement from landowners, Irooj (traditional chiefs), mayors, tour operators, developers, the military, local cultural resource officers, and the governing agencies. military regulations, and global strategies for World Heritage management. A widening circle of legislation informs management, including the respective RMI and United States legislation, U.S. Traditional sites continue to be used by Marshallese navigators and fisherman. Last year, Bikini Atoll was inscribed as a World Heritage Site, and Kwajalein Atoll remains a United States National Historic Landmark. The heritage includes traditional sites such as important coral reef heads and Marshallese fish traps, the Japanese and American signature of World War II in the Pacific, and the material evidence of nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll. The unique Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) remains a formidable challenge for management and preservation.